The Most Frequent Neurodegenerative Movement Disorder...

2 Introduction 2.1 Overview The most frequent neurodegenerative movement disorder today is Parkinson Disease (Barth et al., 2011), with a prevalence which increases with age – from 0.01% of people in the age group 40 to 44 years, increasing steadily to approximately 1% at age 65 and 22% at age 85 or over. Due to an aging society, increasing industrialization and environmental factors, the number of patients will grow rapidly in the forthcoming decades. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of unknown etiology that has no cure. It is characterized by bradykinesia, rest tremor, cogwheel rigidity and postural instability, along with a number of non-motor signs. The neurochemical hallmark of PD is dopamine loss in the nigrostriatal dopamine system (Adler, 2011). In the substantia nigra (SN) of people with PD there is a loss of neuronal cells, demonstrated by the degeneration of brainstem nuclei (Brooks, 1998). This typically shows as Lewy bodies – spherical masses of protein that develop inside nerve cells. However the progression of neuronal loss is quite variable in different PD patients and at different phases of the disease. At present there is no treatment that affects the degeneration, for example by slowing the rate of cell death or by protecting neurons. Unfortunately by the time that PD is first diagnosed, 60% to 70% of the neurons in the SN responsible for dopamine have degenerated and the striatal dopamine content is reduced by 80% (Adler, 2011) andShow MoreRelatedParkinson Disease : A Progressive Disorder4669 Words   |  19 PagesOverview The most frequent neurodegenerative movement disorder today is Parkinson Disease (Barth et al., 2011), with a prevalence which increases with age – from 0.01% of people in the age group 40 to 44 years, increasing steadily to approximately 1% at age 65 and 22% at age 85 or over. Due to an aging society, increasing industrialization and environmental factors, the number of patients will grow rapidly in the forthcoming decades. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of unknown etiologyRead MoreChronic Conditions That Can Not Be Cured1878 Words   |  8 PagesLTC’s has been implemented due to the increase in the ageing population which in turn produces an increase in the incidence of LTC’s such as diabetes, Parkinson Disease [PD], pernicious anaemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurological and heart conditions. Due to word restriction the author will discuss diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a person’s blood sugar to become too high or too low as the pancreas no longer produces the right amount

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay - 1139 Words

Child Abuse is a very serious issue all throughout the world, in all different countries, cultures, and communities. The four main types of abuse are emotional abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse, and although emotional abuse and neglect are often overlooked, each has just as severe effects on children as sexual and physical abuse (Saisan et al.). The many causes of all kinds of the abuse of children have devastating effects on the child’s life presently and later on in life. There are multiple different causes of child abuse, and although abusing a child cannot be pinpointed to one specific characteristic, issue, or situation, there are factors which contribute to the abuse or neglect of a child. It is preposterous to†¦show more content†¦Although the visible signs of emotional abuse in children can be challenging to find so of the effect of this type of abuse are insecurity, poor self-esteem, destructive behavior, withdrawal, poor development of p rimary skills, alcohol or drug abuse, suicide, and difficulty forming lasting relationships. All parents have occasional momentary â€Å"loss of control† and say something hurtful to their child and later regret it, but true emotional abuse is â€Å"losing control† consistently, not just â€Å"once in a blue moon† (Emotional). Emotional abuse can make a child truly believe that they are â€Å"worthless† or â€Å"no-good† because that is what they have been consistently told they are (Saisan et al.). Emotional abusing a child can be detrimental to that child’s life, so is it really worth it to say something hurtful? The sexual abuse of a child can be extremely detrimental to a child. Sexual abuse includes a wide spectrum of things such as sexually touching a child, as well as non-touching offenses, sexual exploitation, and intercourse (Child Sexual). Although many people thing that sexual abuse only consists of intercourse itself, which is simply the most extreme case, sexual abuse also consists of engaging in indecent exposure, exposing a child to pornographic material, soliciting a child for theShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse and Neglect1653 Words   |  7 Pages Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse, or child maltreatment, is an act by a parent or caretaker that results in or allows the child to be subjected to death, physical injury, sexual assault, or emotional harm. Emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse are all different forms of child abuse. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lastingRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect704 Words   |  3 Pagesexperience this feeling, not just for a second, but throughout their childhood. Neglect is child abuse, as well as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Child abuse is awful because it causes the child to feel worthless, to lose trust, and to have serious psychological problems early on in life. Neglect is the most common form of child abuse. The parent or caregiver fails to provide basic needs for the child. Neglected children are constantly being told that they are worthless orRead MoreChild Neglect : Neglect As A Form Of Child Abuse2216 Words   |  9 PagesChild Abuse: Neglect Has The Community Done Enough To Reduce Cases Of Neglect As A Form Of Child Abuse? Thesis statement: most scholars and practitioners have elaborated adverse impacts of child abuse, especially child neglect, but the research focuses on the positive side of the discourse; it concentrates on the community contribution and the steps that have helped to reduce and stop the act in many nations. The term child abuse got used in a very broad array of situation that it has become hardRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect2475 Words   |  10 Pages This paper will discuss child abuse and neglect and the lasting effects left on a child. The main types of abuse and neglect explained are emotional abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, medical neglect, educational neglect, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. Included are some warning signs of these different types of abuse and neglect and the legal definitions of each. It is important to understand that all of these forms of abuse and neglect are different and containRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect922 Words   |  4 PagesASSIGNMENT 1: SOCIAL ISSUE- CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT KIM CARTER SOCIOLOGY PROFESSOR PATRICIA HENNINGTON JANRUARY 29, 2012 Child abuse and neglect The issue of child abuse and neglect is serious, controversial, and is escalating in today’s society. Many people are not aware, but child abuse is rampant in our society. Many child abuse and neglect cases go unreported because a person may not know the signs and symptoms of child abuse and neglect or perhaps the person or person may feel that thisRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect1678 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of child abuse is one of the hardest topics to write about. It is imperative to have a profound understanding of this topic and its consequences specially when working in the field of human services. Professionally and personally, I have encountered situations where child abuse is present. This reality has touched my life in many ways and these experiences continue shaping me as a human being and as social service provider. I will try to cover in this paper the subject of child abuse, its definitionsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of A Child817 Words   |  4 PagesC hild Abuse and Neglect The meaning of child abuse is the mistreatment of a child in the form of injury, sexual abuse, neglect or exploitation. The signs of possible child abuse include, but are not limited to sudden behavior change, untreated medical issues, difficulties in school, lack of adult attention, the child makes excuses to stay away from home. Parents can also show signs such as showing little interest in the child, blaming the child for the child’s problems. The parent could ask theRead More Child Abuse and Neglect814 Words   |  4 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse and neglect is frightfully high. As a country this is unacceptable. We need to come up with better ways to fight this â€Å"disease† before we destroy our children, our future. An estimated 903,000 children across the country were victims of abuse or neglect in 2001, according to national data released by the Department of Health and Human Services. The statistics indicate that about 12.4 out of every 1,000 children were victims of abuse or neglect, a rate comparable to the previousRead More Child Abuse and Neglect1102 Words   |  5 Pageswhat effects abuse can have on a child? The effects abuse can have on a child is very serious. Children can obtain serious problems from child abuse. They can develop social problems, depression, and anxiety. There are four types of abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse can injure a child severely. Domestic Violence is a worldwide problem and affects the health and well-being of those open to it. Children that are exposed to physical abuse are at riskRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect2110 Words   |  9 Pagesevent, including the abuse and neglect of a child, also known as child maltreatment, (Schwartz Perry, 1994). In 2005, 3.3 million referrals were made that year to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment, (Bentley Widom, 2009). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines child maltreatment as â€Å"any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child,† (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson

E-Commerce Implementation Strategies & Success Factors - Solution

Question: Discuss about the E-Commerce for Implementation Strategy. Answer: Introduction As opined by Li and Karahanna (2015) the different business organizations are using the E-commerce platform as a stage to expand their business. This E-commerce initiative also helps the organizations to reach much more number of clients and the potential clients compared to the traditional commerce. Again the E-commerce provides different opportunities that help the organization to have a competitive advantage in the business than its competitors. In this report the author tried to deeply analyze and evaluate the website greyteak.com.au. This report also analyzes whether the site is in the exposure, interaction, and e-commerce or e-business stage. Determination of the stage of the existing website As the internet provides the flexibility to the consumer to get their required product or service at any time of the day, therefore it helps the companies to get the extra profit and revenue from the business. More over the client or the potential client can reach the business organization if they have any problem with the product or the service (Sandoval-Almazan and Gil-Garcia 2012). With all these advantages the e commerce is a better way to do business, but when a business organization first appears on the online platform then it have to cross some stages to be fully operational and a reliable website to do the business. The following are the different stages that a new business website have to pass. 1. Exposure stage 2. Interaction stage. 3. E-commerce stage 4. E-business stage. Exposure stage- For a new business related website, it first uses the internet to reach the potential customer. Inversely the existing and the potential clients get the different information about the organizations business and its business operations and its profiles. Interaction stage- The business organization uses the internet as a two way communication channel between the customers and the business organization. Hence in this stage the employees or the staffs at the organization have to be attentive so that the interaction between the organization and the client can result into a business transaction. E-commerce stage- This stage is an important stage of the online appearance of the business organization. In this stage the internet becomes an integral part of the organization. In this stage the organization introduces new procedures that help in finance, marketing operations. E-business stage- In this stage the organization realizes and utilizes different opportunities that are provided by the internet. Analyzing the different aspects of the given website it can be said that the website is in the E-commerce stage. As it is given on the web site the organization develops customized softwares for its client as per their requirement. Using the website the organization tries to acquire the potential customers (Rob et al. 2012 ). On the website the organization tries to provide information about the different application that is developed by the organization. Implementation strategy to present the owner of the proposed site The researcher has indicated and analyzes the current prospects of the provided website and wants to determine the formulation of implementation strategy to present the owner of the website. The electronic website of GreyTeak is totally based on CSS concept which generally means Cascading Style Sheet of a website design methodology. The customer services are thus segregated into blogs and on mouse over facility which generally contains development of software enterprise, system and application management, advanced and innovative website development, design and system development, business process improvement and maintain ace of service services. Every company whether it is small scale or large scale it has three basic motives namely: sales maximization, profit maximization and customer satisfaction. The organizational management has also highlighted and reflected several intellectual clients base core concept testimonials. The entire website are divided into five basic segments which generally includes company home option, company services, about company and contact us option with a broad view of providing the best and flexible services to its ultimate customer. Implementation strategy of E-Commerce Strategy The implementation strategy of an electronic website is totally based on theoretical concept (Liu 2013). In the present website development of an organizational management; the researcher has provided various logical concepts regarding the site link customer services and company contact details. The researcher has also imagined that the company websites has covered all the necessary details regarding the offered services. Every company whether it is small scale or large scale it has three basic motives namely: sales maximization, profit maximization and customer satisfaction. The company websites also provides the proper amendments regarding the client login and credentials. The company also reflects and highlights the development of softwares. The company websites need advanced services in the field of business process improvement, enterprise software development, system and software design, advanced website development, reliable of websites maintain ace (Mller and Villegas 2014). T he privacy policy and terms and conditions of an organizational management is totally applications based and system development. Estimation of hardware and software for the existing site As the e commerce site needs to be online all the time on the internet so that the clients can reach them whenever they want.zso for this the organization need to have better hardware as well as software infrastructure. For the hardware the organization needs reliable servers, backup servers, On the other hand for the software it requires domain names, email services, FTP packages. Estimation of the required software for the proposed system As the existing system only provides the communication channel so that the client can reach to the organization need to provide facility so that the clients can order the services they require. For this the organization has to implement a CRM system so that they can order the software services or products as per their need. Again the organization also think about to implement a payment gateway system, so that the clients can provide their sensitive financial data over the internet. References Li, S.S. and Karahanna, E., 2015. Online recommendation systems in a B2C e-commerce context: A review and future directions.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,16(2), p.72. Liu, T., 2013. Construction and Maintenance Operation Program of the E-Commerce Websites of Miniature Clothing Enterprises. InProceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Green Communications and Networks 2012 (GCN 2012): Volume 5(pp. 151-158). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mller, H. and Villegas, N., 2014. Runtime evolution of highly dynamic software. InEvolving Software Systems(pp. 229-264). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Pitt, A., 2013.System of Multi-Functional Ecommerce websites each with an integrated shopping cart, a catalog of products from drop shippers or suppliers of any type, a secure payment processing gateway, a real-time merchant account activation module, a website builder that creates custom or duplicate websites with a URL, and a centralized content management module capable of modifying web-site-content to each website in the system. U.S. Patent Application 13/927,032. Robb, T.A., Standlee, J.L., Bevis, A.E., Williams, A.J., Haase, M.N., Hall, B.L., Hoefelmeyer, R.S. and Phillips, T.E., Verizon Business Global Llc, 2012.Application infrastructure platform (AIP). U.S. Patent 8,126,722. Sandoval-Almazan, R. and Gil-Garcia, J.R., 2012. Are government internet portals evolving towards more interaction, participation, and collaboration? Revisiting the rhetoric of e-government among municipalities.Government Information Quarterly,29, pp.S72-S81.

The Land of Opportunity Essay Example

The Land of Opportunity Paper Land of OpportunityHow does social class define who we areWhy do you think History books leave out issues of social and economic inequalityThat opportunity is not equal in AmericaAccording to Loewen, social class is probably the single most important variable in society.From the womb to tomb, it correlates with almost all social characteristics of people that we can measure. * Affluent expectant mothers are more likely to get prenatal care, receive current medical advice, and enjoy general health fitness, and nutrition. * Many poor and working- class mothers- to- be first contact the medical profession in the last month, sometimes the last hours, of their pregnancies. * Rich babies come out healthier and weighing more than poor babies.In terms of education: * Rich teenagers enroll in the Princeton Review or other coaching sessions for the SAT. * To no ones surprise, social class correlates strongly with SAT scores.After college: * Most affluent children get white collared jobs. * Mo st working class children get blue- collar jobs.Social class buys life even in the midst of danger: * More recently, social class played a major role in determining who fought in the Vietnam War: despite the universal drafts, sons of affluent won educational and medical deferments through most of the conflict. * The all-volunteer army that fights in Iraq relies even more on lower class recruits, who sign up as a way out of poverty. * The night the Titanic sank across the Atlantic in 1912, social class proved to be a key determinant of who survived and who perished.The effects of social class in America James W. Loewen, essay â€Å"The Land of Opportunity,† discusses how many times Americans don’t know about social classes and the effects they have on society. Loewen argues that the common American people aren’t given equal opportunity in this day in age. He says that American history books have great influenced what we see

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher Samuel Adams (September 16, 1722–October 2, 1803) played an important philosophical and activist role in early advocating the independence of the North American British colonies, and the eventual founding of the new United States. Fast Facts: Samuel Adams Known For: Important activist, philosopher, and writer during the American Revolution against Great BritainBorn: September 16, 1722 in Boston, MassachusettsParents: Samuel and Mary Fifield AdamsDied:  October 2, 1803 in BostonEducation: Boston Latin School and Harvard CollegeSpouse(s): Elizabeth Checkley (m. 1749–1757); Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells (m. 1764–his death)Children: Six children with Elizabeth Checkley: Samuel (1750–1750), Samuel (born 1751), Joseph, (1753–1753), Mary (1754–1754), Hannah, (b. 1756), stillborn son (1757) Early Life Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722, in Boston, Massachusetts, the eldest surviving son of 12 children born to Samuel (1689–1748) and Mary Fifield Adams: only Samuel, Mary (b. 1717), and Joseph (b. 1728) survived to adulthood. Samuel Adams, Sr., was a merchant, a popular Whig Party leader, and the Deacon of the local Congregational Church, where he was known as Deacon Adams. Deacon Adams was one of 89 grandchildren of the Puritan colonist Henry Adams, who left Somersetshire in England for Braintree (later renamed Quincy), Massachusetts in 1638- Sam Adams cousins included John Adams, who would become U.S. president in 1796. Mary Fifield was the daughter of a local businessman in Boston, a devout woman with an artistic bent. The Adams family early grew prosperous, building a large house on Purchase Street in Boston, where Samuel Adams and his siblings grew up. Deacon Adams was a huge influence on Samuel Adams life. In 1739, he was chosen to help draft legislative instructions for the Massachusetts colonys general assembly and became a formidable political force in the Whig party, serving as a representative to the provincial assembly. Together, Deacon Adams and his son fought a battle with the Royal government over a land bank scheme that lasted a decade after the Deacons death. The elder Adams had been part of the creation of a bank to assist farmers and business people get started. The colonial government rejected his right to do such a thing, and over the next two decades, it fought father and son to take possession of their property and businesses as recompense. Education Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736 at the age of 14. He started out studying theology but found his interests swinging towards politics. He received his bachelors and masters degrees from Harvard in 1740 and 1743, respectively. After graduation, Adams tried numerous businesses, including one he started on his own. However, he was never successful as a commercial businessman- his father saw that Sam had a growing dislike for authority of any kind. In 1748, Samuel Adams did find a direction: he and his friends formed a club to debate issues and launch a publication to shape public opinion called The Public Advertiser, in which Adams exercised his considerable persuasive writing skills. That same year, his father died. Adams took over his fathers business enterprise and turned to the part-time career that he would enjoy for the rest of his life: politics. Marriage and Early Political Career Adams married Elizabeth Checkley, the daughter of the pastor of the Congregational Church in 1749. Together they had six children, but all but Samuel (born 1751) and Hannah (born 1756) died as infants. In 1756, Samuel Adams became one of Bostons tax collectors, a position he would keep for almost 12 years. He was not the most diligent in his career as a tax collector, but instead continued and increased his writing and activism, quickly becoming a leader in Bostons politics. He became involved in numerous informal political organizations that had a large control over town meetings and local politics. On July 25, 1757, his wife Elizabeth died, giving birth to their last child, a stillborn son. Adams remarried on December 6, 1764, to Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells; his first wifes father officiated. Agitation Against the British After the French and Indian War that ended in 1763, Great Britain increased taxes in the American colonies to pay for the costs that they had incurred for fighting in and defending them. Adams strenuously opposed three tax measures in particular: the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Duties of 1767. He believed that as the British government increased its taxes and duties, it was reducing the individual liberties of the colonists, which in turn would lead to even greater tyranny. Adams held two key political positions that helped him in his fight against the British: he was the clerk of both the Boston town meeting and the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Through these positions, he was able to draft petitions, resolutions, and letters of protest. He argued that since the colonists were not represented in Parliament, they were being taxed without their consent. Thus the rallying cry, No taxation without representation. Taxes and Tea Parties Adams main suggestion for political action against the British was that the colonists should boycott English imports and hold public demonstrations. Although mob violence was common in the early days of the revolution, Samuel Adams never supported the use of violence against the British as a means of protest and supported the fair trial of the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. In 1772, Adams helped found a committee meant to unite Massachusetts towns against the British, which he later expanded to other colonies. In 1773, the British passed the Tea Act, which was not a tax and would have resulted in lower prices on tea. However, it was meant to aid the East India Company by allowing it to bypass the English import tax and sell through merchants it selected. Adams felt that this was just a ploy to get colonists to accept the Townshend duties that were still in place. On December 16, 1773, Adams spoke at a town meeting against the Act. That evening, dozens of men dressed as Native Americans boarded three tea importing ships that sat in Boston Harbor and threw the tea overboard, an act destined to be called the Boston Tea Party. The Intolerable Acts The British responded to the Tea Party by closing down the port of Boston, cutting off the lifeblood of trade to the citys economy. Some British lawmakers such as Edmund Burke, a member of the House of Commons, warned it would be counterproductive, that instead they should focus their anger at the guilty persons: John Hancock and Samuel Adams. But instead of punishing Adams and Hancock directly, the British government passed what would become known as the Coercive Acts or, more tellingly, the Intolerable Acts. In addition to the Boston Port Act, which itself included the limiting of town meetings to one a year, the government passed the Impartial Administration of Justice Act, that said that the Massachusetts governor should send government officials accused of capital crimes to England. The Quartering Act allowed British troops to use the colonists buildings as military barracks. Rather than intimidating or deterring him, Adams saw this as further evidence that the British would continue to limit the colonists liberty, and he counseled a hard line against King George III and his government. Representative Adams On May 3, 1774, Boston held its annual meeting to elect representatives to the Massachusetts House: Adams won 535 of the 536 votes cast and was named the moderator of the Town Meeting. They met again three days later and adopted a resolution calling for unity with the other colonies in a boycott and embargo of Britain in protest of the Boston Port Act. Paul Revere was sent out with a letter to the southern colonies.   On May 16, a March 31 report from London reached Boston: a ship had sailed with orders to bring Adams and Hancock back to England in irons. On the 25, the Massachusetts House of Representatives met in Boston and unanimously elected Samuel Adams as clerk. The Governor, General Gage, ordered the House adjourned until June 7 and moved to Salem, but instead, the House met on September 1, 1774, in Philadelphia: the first Continental Congress. Continental Congresses In September 1774, Samuel Adams became one of the delegates at the First Continental Congress held in Philadelphia, and his role included assisting with the draft of the Declaration of Rights. In April 1775, Adams, along with John Hancock, was finally a target of the British army advancing on Lexington. They escaped, however, when Paul Revere famously warned them. In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress was held, but Sam Adams did not hold a public role. Instead, he was part of the Massachusetts ratifying convention for the U.S. Constitution and helped write the Massachusetts state constitution. Although his eloquent written and oral support for the revolution continued to be heard, Adams role in the Continental Congress was primarily military: he served on several committees for military defense and armaments, and those for assessing the colonies defensive needs. That was his choice: he felt the importance of being prepared for the eventual war. Once hostilities began, he struggled to convince everyone that reconciliation was a delusion leading directly to destruction. Once the Declaration of Independence was made, Adams continued to work tirelessly as a leader for military activities, to gain foreign aid, and to get the machinery of government in order and functioning. In 1781, even though the final battle had not yet been won, he retired from Congress. Legacy and Death Adams had not given up on politics, however. He lost a highly contested bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788, but when John Hancock ran for Massachusetts governor the following year, he agreed to run as Hancocks lieutenant. The pair was elected. Adams served as Hancocks lieutenant governor for four years and when Hancock died in 1793, he ascended to the governors chair. During the late 1790s, those in the U.S. government were divided into federalists, those who preferred a strong central government, and Republicans, who did not. As a republican-minded governor in a federalist state, Adams could see that at least for the moment, the federalists were winning out. When Samuels federalist cousin John Adams won the presidency, Adams retired from public life. Samuel Adams died on October 2, 1803, in Boston. Sources Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: Americas Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2002.Irvin, Benjamin H. Samuel Adams: Son of Liberty, Father of Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Puls, Mark. Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution. New York: St. Martins Press, 2006.Stoll, Ira. Samuel Adams: A Life. New York: Free Press (Simon Schuster), 2008.

Implementing Total Predictive Maintenance Essay

Implementing Total Predictive Maintenance - Essay Example It appeared that manufacturers with efficient and effective equipments where enjoying a competitive advantage over others. Traditional methods used by technicians were being labeled as passive and non-productive. The manufactures did not take long in realizing that proper maintenance management and control of machines and equipment have a stronger and direct relationship with organizational performance and productivity. This was the time when the concept of â€Å"Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)† (Seng, Jantan & Ramayah, 2005) appeared on the scene aiming at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the equipment by using the skills and abilities of the human resource of the organization. The ultimate target is to improve the â€Å"Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE) and reach to the level of Zero Defects and Zero Breakdown† (Seng, Jantan & Ramayah, 2005). The paper sheds some light on the optimum use of TPM in the Malaysian Manufacturing Industry and some implementation issues. The literature review reveals that the strategies concerning TPM can be divided into Human orientated strategies and Process orientated strategies. Human oriented have three important aspects. ... ing and education is another important factor for the success of TPM because it introduces employees to TPM in a systematic and educated manner, providing them with information before hand and preparing them for the upcoming issues and challenges. Process oriented strategies have their roots in the technical approaches. â€Å"The goal is identify all possible sources of losses and inefficiencies in the equipments due to breakdowns, time loss, shortage of equipments, defects, startup time and others† (Seng, Jantan & Ramayah, 2005). The simple three-point agenda process oriented strategy is to first, find such losses and analyze its causes, second, planning improvements to cope up with losses and third, confirming and building on the results. In short, process oriented strategies put all their energies in creating environments and processes where employees could be provided with an optimal environment to achieve satisfaction and higher productivity, which would ultimately lead t o higher organizational performance. The paper moves on with considering the problem of implementation of TPM in a developing country such as Malaysia (Seng, Jantan & Ramayah, 2005). Despite the fact that its implementation is imperative, at least for the manufacturing industry, however, resistance towards TPM has come from all directions. Non-conductive and unsupportive environments, lack of commitment and dedication from the top management, refusal of employees to take up extra training and responsibilities and others remain important causes marking the failure of TPM. In order to understand various dimensions of this problem, the paper moves forward with a structured survey approach where questionnaires have been used as the research tool. Industrial manufacturers from Northern and Central

How is genocide defined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How is genocide defined - Essay Example They are a phenomenon of the plural society, with its marked divisions between racial, ethnic, and/or religious groups. Plural society theory deals with the relations between these groups, and the conditions promoting peaceful cohabitation, integration, or violent polarization leading to genocide. It has no application to the genocides of international war, committed in armed conflict between separate states. The Convention definition of genocide is summarized as the intent to destroy in whole or â€Å"in part a racial, ethnic, religious, or national group as such, by killing members of the group or imposing conditions inimical to survival† (Show and Schott 2005, 34). The inclusion of mental harm among the acts constituting genocide seems incongruous, but it must be read in the overall context of the intent to destroy the victim group. Under Article I of the UN Convention, the contracting â€Å"parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of wa r, is a crime under international law† (Show and Schott 2005, 17). The Convention was adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly. The notion â€Å"genocide† was developed by R. Lamkin in 1943. He joined two words â€Å"genos† which means family or tribe and â€Å"occidere† which means massacre and killing. Also, Lamkin developed a draft for the Genocide Convention. The main strength of this Convention is that 137 countries recognize mass killing as a crime against humanity and were obliged to prevent genocide on their territories. The main strength of the Convention is that it recognizes genocide and interprets it as â€Å"the crime against humanity†.